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These compounds induce excessive ROS production by depleting antioxidants, activating enzymatic ROS-generating systems (e.g., NADPH oxidase), and triggering mitochondrial dysfunction, ultimately impairing spermatogenesis and sperm quality ( Figure 1g ) ( Despite their diverse origins, both endogenous and exogenous factors converge on a common pathogenic pathway: by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, activating enzymatic ROS-producing systems, or impairing antioxidant defenses, they lead to excessive ROS accumulation

10.3168/jds.2020-18700 70 EdingerA

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This means that many supplement products reach the market without independent clinical scrutiny